男性乳房发育症，男性乳房异常增大，不再是禁忌话题

Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by abnormally enlarged male breasts. There are multiple origins of the disorder. Some of them are congenital and some are acquired. 男性乳房发育症最常见的原因之一与内分泌系统有关, and caused by excess female hormones. 男性乳房发育症也可能与睾丸肿瘤和克氏综合征同时发生. Steroid use can also contribute to the presence of gynecomastia, as steroids create an influx of testosterone, 身体会产生更多的女性荷尔蒙，从而产生更女性化的乳房. 与类固醇消费的关系解释了为什么男性乳房发育症在健美运动员中更普遍. 也有多种药物与男性乳房发育症的发病率密切相关:保法止和洋地黄是其中最著名的. Some with elevated testosterone are susceptible to gynecomastia, 但它并不一定会发生在每个激素失衡的人身上. In some cases, when gynecomastia is present, 有必要去看内分泌科医生，排除其他激素紊乱的可能性.

男性乳房发育症在三个发育阶段更为普遍. The first stage is during infancy, which could be due in part, 催乳素增加，可能在母乳喂养的婴儿中更为明显. 第二个阶段是青春期，30% -60%的男性乳房发育症发生在这个阶段. 那些在青春期发育的，80%在18岁前退化. The ones which do not regress are typically those which are most severe. 青春期也是男性乳房发育通常对她们的社会情感发展和心理健康影响最深远的时期. 这种情况的阉割性质会让一些年轻男性对自己的男子气概产生怀疑，并降低自尊. 男性乳房发育最普遍的第三个发育阶段是在老年时期, 在这种情况下，男性的睾丸激素水平和皮肤弹性都会下降.

那些考虑男性乳房矫正应该意识到有两种主要类型的男性乳房:真男性乳房和假男性乳房. Most cases are a mixture of both. 真正的男性乳房发育通常以腺体组织肿大为特征, 而假性男性乳房发育通常被描述为多余的脂肪组织. True gynecomastia is treated using excision of the gland, whereas psuedogynecomastia requires liposuction. 手术切口是最可靠的治疗方法，疗效最一致. According to the literature, 如果只使用抽脂和切除，大约有10-35%的复发率, there is about 10% recurrence. 由于大多数男性乳房发育症病例是两者的混合体，大多数外科医生同时使用这两种技术. 最常见的切口位置是乳晕的下极，切口通常不超过1英寸和1¾英寸. Surgeons need to judge how much to remove, too little could result in a recurrence, 过多的腺体切除或乳晕过薄都可能导致乳房凹陷.

一些公司也生产对抗男性乳房发育症的药物，如吉耐信和吉耐多罗. Based on my experience having performed more than 6,000 gynecomastia surgeries, 尝试过这种药物的患者发现，这种药物的结果往往不一致, and are in general, not terribly effective.

Fortunately, 由于公众和整形外科社区对男性乳房发育症的认识增加, many men have empowered themselves to seek out treatment. Due to the emasculating nature of this condition, many men find it difficult to discuss, but because of the information available, and growing awareness of the condition, 这个话题正变得不再是一个禁忌，越来越多的男性能够更好地倡导治疗.